علوم شناختی

در رشته نوروساینس شناختی درسی با عنوان «ذهن و شناخت» در نظر گرفته شده است که با توجه به عناوین مباحثی که در آن مطرح شده است عنوان صحیح تر این درس همان “علوم شناختی” است. ذیل این نام مباحث زیر ارائه می گردد:

• فلسفه ذهن

• علوم شناختی

• نظریه محاسباتی ذهن (شناخت گرایی = هوش مصنوعی کلاسیک)

• فرضیه زبان تفکر

• نگرشهای گزاره ای

• نظریه ذهن پیمانه ای کمینه

• نظریه ذهن پیمانه ای بیشینه (روانشناسی تکاملی)

• پیوندگرایی (نظریه شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی)

• شناخت جسمانیت یافته

• نظریه سیستم های شناختی پویا

• روانشناسی عامیانه (نظریه ذهن)

• تبیین های روانشناختی (علوم شناختی علت گرا دربرابر علوم شناختی دلیل گرا)

• آگاهی (هشیاری) و نظریه های هشیاری

• نظریه بازنمایی

متاسفانه به دلیل اشتغال زیاد، معرفی نظاموار مباحث فوق با فاصله شکاف هایی همراه شده است. امید داشتم مقاله مستقلی برای «روانشناسی تکاملی» تهیه کنم که مقدور نگشت. پیوست حاضر، مدخل «روانشناسی تکاملی» دانشنامه فلسفی استنفورد را تقدیم می کنم.

Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptations—products of natural selection—that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce. To understand the central claims of evolutionary psychology we require an understanding of some key concepts in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Philosophers are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons. For philosophers of science —mostly philosophers of biology—evolutionary psychology provides a critical target. There is a broad consensus among philosophers of science that evolutionary psychology is a deeply flawed enterprise. For philosophers of mind and cognitive science evolutionary psychology has been a source of empirical hypotheses about cognitive architecture and specific components of that architecture. Philosophers of mind are also critical of evolutionary psychology but their criticisms are not as all-encompassing as those presented by philosophers of biology. Evolutionary psychology is also invoked by philosophers interested in moral psychology both as a source of empirical hypotheses and as a critical target.
In what follows I briefly explain evolutionary psychology’s relations to other work on the biology of human behavior and the cognitive sciences. Next I introduce the research tradition’s key theoretical concepts. In the following section I take up discussions about evolutionary psychology in the philosophy of mind, specifically focusing on the debate about the massive modularity thesis. I go on to review some of the criticisms of evolutionary psychology presented by philosophers of biology and assess some responses to those criticisms. I then go on to introduce some of evolutionary psychology’s contributions to moral psychology and, finally, briefly discuss the reach and impact of evolutionary psychology.

• ۱. Evolutionary Psychology: One research tradition among the various biological approaches to explaining human behavior
• ۲. Evolutionary Psychology’s Theory and Methods
• ۳. The Massive Modularity Hypothesis
• ۴. Philosophy of biology vs. Evolutionary Psychology
• ۵. Moral Psychology and Evolutionary Psychology
• ۶. Applications of Evolutionary Psychology and Prospects for Further Debate
• Bibliography